PRESENTATION NOTES

INTRODUCTION:

Cloud computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over the internet.

It allows us to create, configure and customize the application online.

WHAT IS CLOUD?

The term cloud refers to a Network or Internet.

In other words, We can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location.

Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e. WAN, LAN or VPN.

Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM) execute on cloud.

WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?

Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring and accessing the hardware and software resources remotely.

It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

Cloud computing offers platform independency as the software is not required to be installed locally on the PC.

Hence, the cloud computing is making our business applications mobile and collaborative.

BASIC CONCEPT:

There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users.

Following are the working models for cloud computing:

* Deployment Models * Service Models

CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODEL

Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud i.e. how the cloud is located?

Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and community.

Deployment model focuses on both of the strategy phase and planning phase.

It involves the following two steps:

SELECTING CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDER:

This step includes selecting a cloud provider on basis of Service level agreement(SLA), which defines the level of service the provider will meet.

MAINTENANCE AND TECHNICAL SERVICE:

Maintenance and Technical services are provided by the cloud provider. They need to ensure the quality of services.

PUBLIC CLOUD:

The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public.

Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness.

The IT giants such as Google, Amazon and Microsoft offer cloud services via Internet.

In public cloud model, Data is hosted off-site and resources are shared publicly, therefore does not ensure higher level security.

The public cloud model is shown in the diagram below:

ADVANTAGE

* Cost effective

* Location Independence

* Flexibility

DISADVANTAGE

* Less customization

* Low security

BENEFITS:

There are many benefits of deploying cloud as public cloud model.

The following diagram shows some of these benefits:

COST EFFECTIVE :

Since public cloud shares same resources with large number of customers it turns out inexpensive.

RELIABILITY:

The public cloud employs large number of resources from different locations.

If any of the resources fail, public cloud can employ another one.

FLEXIBILITY:

The public cloud can smoothly integrate with private cloud, which gives customers a flexible approach.

LOCATION INDEPENDENCE:

Public cloud services are delivered through Internet, ensuring location independence.

UTILITY STYLE COSTING:

Public cloud is also based on pay-per-use model and resources are accessible whenever customer needs them.

HIGH SCALABILITY:

Cloud resources are made available on demand from a pool of resources, i.e. they can be scaled up or down according the requirements.

PRIVATE CLOUD:

The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization.

It is more secured because of its private nature.

The private cloud is operated only within a single organization.

However, It may be managed internally by the organization itself or by third party.

It is difficult to deploy globally.

Purchasing new hardware in order to fulfill the demand is a costly transaction.(High priced)

The private cloud can be scaled only with in capacity of internal hosted resources.(Limited Scalability)

In order to maintain cloud deployment, organization require skilled expertise.

The private cloud model shown in the diagram below:

ADVANTAGE:

* More Control

* Improve Performance

* Security and privacy

DISADVANTAGE

* High Cost

* Restricted area of operation

* Limited scalability

* Skilled people

BENEFITS:

There are many benefits of deploying cloud as Private cloud model.

The following diagram shows some of those benefits:

HIGHER SECURITY & PRIVACY:

Private cloud operations are not available to general public and resources are shared from distinct pool of resources. Therefore, it ensures high security and privacy.

MORE CONTROL:

The private cloud has more control on its resources and hardware than public cloud because it is accessed only within organization.

COST & ENERGY EFFICIENCY:

The private cloud resources are not as cost effective as resources in public clouds but they offer more efficiency then public cloud resources.

COMMUNITY CLOUD:

The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.

It shares the infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community.

It may be managed internally by organization or by the third party.

Since all data is located at one place, one must be careful in storing data in community cloud because it might be accessible to others.

It is also challenging to allocate responsibilities of governance, security and cost among organizations.

The private cloud model shown in the diagram below:

ADVANTAGE

* Flexible and scalable

* Secure

* Sharable Infrastructure

DISADVANTAGE

* Sharing resources within organization is little difficult

* Fixed amount of resources are shared between community member

BENEFITS

The following diagram shows some of those benefits:

COST EFFECTIVE:

Community cloud offers same advantages as that of private cloud at low cost.

SHARING AMONG ORGANIZATIONS:

Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share cloud resources and capabilities among several organizations.

SECURITY:

The community cloud is comparatively more secure than the public cloud but less secured than the private cloud.

HYBRID CLOUD:

The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.

The hybrid cloud model is dependent on internal IT infrastructure, therefore it is necessary to ensure redundancy across data centers.

Networking becomes complex due to presence of private and public cloud (networking issues).

It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are compliant with security policies of the organization.

The hybrid cloud model shown in the diagram below:

ADVANTAGE

* Flexible and secure

* Cost Effective

* Security

DISADVANTAGE

* Network Issues

* Infrastructure compatibility

BENEFITS

The following diagram shows some of those benefits:

SCALABILITY:

It offers features of both, the public and private cloud scalability.

FLEXIBILITY:

It offers secure resources and scalable public resources.

COST EFFICIENCY:

Public clouds are more cost effective than private ones. Therefore, Hybrid cloud can be cost saving.

SECURITY:

The private cloud in hybrid cloud ensures higher degree of security.

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GRID COMPUTING

OVERVIEW

Introduction to Grid Computing

Definition in brief

History and Evaluation

Classification and Architecture

Real-time application

Advantage

Disadvantage

Conclusion

References

What is Grid Computing ?

Actually Grid Computing is a network in which there are many computers and they can share their resources with each other using this network. They can share Process power, memory, data storage and many more resources over the internet.

INTRODUCTION:

Grid Computing is a computer network in which computer’s resorces are shared with every other computer in the system.
It is distributed architecture of large numbers of computers connected to solve a complex problem.
In the grid computing model, servers and personal computers run independent tasks and are loosely linked by the internet or low speed networks.
It is special kind of distributed computing.
In distributed computing, different computers within the same network share one or more resources.
In the ideal grid computing system, every resource is shared, turning a computer network into a powerful supercomputer.
With the right user interface, accessing a grid computing system would look no different than accessing a local machine’s resources.
Every authorized computer would have access to enormous processing power and storage capacity.

OBJECTIVE:

The ma objective of Grid Computing is to create a network which is very comfort to share their resources with every other computer, as a result all computer can work on a task together as a unit.

Another objective is, By using grid computing a large numbers of file can be distributed evenly to all the systems that is connected to this network

Grid computing is used in

Telecommunication Organization

Government Offices

Multinational Companies

Financial Organizations Etc..

REQUIREMENTS

At least one Computer and a server for controlling the whole system.
A set of computer on this Grid computing network.
A collection of computer software. Those software are called middleware.

Grid computing work

From previous topic we know about Grid Computing and its network. Every computer can share their resource by using some middleware and internet. An central computer and a server control whole the system and their sharing process.

In this way no computer remain idle because they share their tasks with all other computers. On the other hand they works together like a supercomputer. As a result it is easy to complete a task.

Grid Architecture

A grid architecture is the highest level description of the complete grid, and is a key tool to help understand and define the many complex interactions that exist in present and future grids. But in there we want to describe a basic information about Grid Architecture.

Fundamental units of Grid Architecture:

 Hardware: A Grid depends on some hardware like computers and networks.

 Middleware: It is works like a “glue” between operating system software and application software.

Working Layers

 Application layer: This is the height layer of the structure of Grid Architecture. Collective, Resource, Connectivity parts are include here.

 Resource layer: Below the Application layer, there is a resource layer. All kind of resources are connected to the network.

 Network layer: This is the lasts layer which connects Grid resources.

Advantages

 It can solve larger and complex problems in a short time.

 No computer be idle in this system.

 Unit works makes all computer like a super computer.

 Make batter uses of hardware.

Disadvantages

 Large resource distribution is more complex.

 Need for interoperability when different groups want to share resource.

 Non-interactive job submission.

Conclusion

From this presentation we know about Gird computing. We also know about how it works, its architecture and working layer of a Grid.

It has some advantages and disadvantages that we know from previous slide.

Moreover we can say that Grid Computing can make a complex task easy and reliable.

Grid Definition

A Grid is "a set of information resources (computers, databases, networks, instruments, etc.) that are integrated to provide users with tools and applications that treat those resources as components within a 'virtual' system".

Grid software solutions provide the underlying mechanisms necessary to create such systems, including authentication and authorization, resource discovery, resource management, communications, and information services, etc.

What is Grid Computing?

Grid computing is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal.

* Characteristics of a Grid:

No centralized control center

Heterogeneity (of resources)

Scalability

Dynamic and Adaptable

How do grid works?

Grids use networks to link the computing resources of many different computers.

The cyber-glue that binds all of these resources together is called “middleware.” There are many different types of middleware, developed for many different types of grid.

Middleware does all the work to connect users’ jobs to computing resources, thereby hiding the grid’s complexity from the user.

Why do we need Grids?

Grids allow you to combine the resources of hundreds of computers to create a massively powerful, fully comprehensive computing resource, all accessible from the comfort of your own personal computer.

This means grids can react quickly to changing needs: a tremendous resource for crisis situations like natural disasters or epidemics.

Why it is called as Grid?

The idea is that in the future, plugging into a computing grid will be as simple as plugging into an electrical grid. And, like an electrical grid, users will simply plug in and use as much computing power as they need, without knowing where it comes from or how it was produced; you will simply plug in and use as much as you need.

A typical view of Grid Environment

USER: A User sends computation or data intensive application to Global Grids in order to speed up the execution of the application.

RESOURCE BROKER: A Resource Broker distribute the jobs in an application to the Grid resources based on user’s QoS requirements and details of available Grid resources for further executions.

GRID RESOURCES: Grid Resources (Cluster, PC, Supercomputer, database, instruments, etc.) in the Global Grid execute the user jobs.

GRID INFORMATION SERVICE: Grid Information Service system collects the details of the available Grid resources and passes the information to the resource broker. Computation result Computational jobs Processed jobs

Introduction to Grid Architecture

Grid’s protocols allow VO users and resources to negotiate, establish, manage and exploit sharing relationships.

Interoperability a fundamental concern

The protocols are critical to interoperability

Services are important

We need to consider APIs and SDKs

VO: Virtual Organization

Introduction to Grid Architecture

The components are

* numerous

* owned and managed by different, potentially mutually distrustful organisations and individuals

* may be potentially faulty

* have different security requirements and policies

* heterogeneous

* connected by heterogeneous, multilevel networks

* have different resource management policies

* are likely to be geographically separated

Grid Architecture

Autonomous, globally distributed computers/clusters

Layered Grid Architecture (By Analogy to internet Architecture)

“Coordinating multiple resources”: ubiquitous infrastructure services, app-specific distributed services

“Sharing single resources”: Resource negotiating access, controlling use

“Talking to things”: communication Connectivity (Internet protocols) & security

“Controlling things locally”: Access Fabric to, & control of, resources

History and Evolution of Grid

Early to mid 90s: numerous research projects on distributed computing

The term grid computing originated in the early 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid. The power grid metaphor for accessible computing quickly became canonical when Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman published their seminal work, "The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing infrastructure

History and Evolution of Grid

1995, I-Way

* IEEE/ACM 1995 Super Computing (San Diego), 11 high speed networks used to connect 17 sites to create one super meta-computer

* Foster, Nature, 12/2002

1996, Globus project started (ANL & USC)

* Followed I-Way

1997, Unicore (Germany)

Method of GRID Computing

Distributed Supercomputing

High-Throughput Computing

On-Demand Computing

Data-Intensive Computing

Collaborative Computing

Logistical Networking

Criteria for a Grid:

Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control.

Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces.

Delivers nontrivial qualities of service.

Benefits:

* Exploit Underutilized resources

* Resource load Balancing

* Virtualize resources across an enterprise

* Data Grids, Compute Grids

* Enable collaboration for virtual organizations

Applications

* Computational Service

• Inherent part of ALL applications

* Data Service

• Scalable storage and access to distributed datasets

Application Service

• Example: like web services

Information Service

• Example: WWW portal

Knowledge Service

• Example: data mining

SHARING

Resource Sharing: P2P, Web Services, Grids

Information Sharing: WWW, HTTP, HTML

Communications and Data Sharing: Email, ftp, telnet, TCP/IP

Networking ARPANET

Real Time Implementation

- It extends the notions of computational and data grids.

- A Grid should provide the interfaces, libraries, utilities, and programming APIs to support the development effort required.

- Common tools and libraries for building Grid applications includes

* High Performance C++ (HPC++)

- the Message Passing Interface (MPI).

- Access to any resources, for anyone, anywhere, anytime, from any platform – portal (super) computing.

ADVANTAGES

Can solve larger, more complex problems in a shorter time

Easier to collaborate with other organizations

Make better use of existing hardware

DISADVANTAGES

Grid software and standards are still evolving

Learning curve to get started

Non-interactive job submission

Conclusions

Characteristics of a grid relevant to middleware

Common design methodologies in grid middleware

Grid Services and open standardization

New and existing middleware systems are beginning to adopt core grid middleware to become easily ‘grid-enhanced’

References

www.gridcomputing.com

www.dartmouth.edu

www.eecg.toronto.edu

www.sastra.edu

www.usermonas.edu

www.gridbus.org

THANK YOU

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